Most photographers seem to default to the horizontal viewpoint.  Even for landscapes, where horizontal is the normal reaction to achieve a panoramic effect, vertical images can be just as effective, particularly where close-ups of trees or other tall objects are involved.  Another way to express it is landscape versus portrait.  An alternative is also the square image, neither wider nor taller, but all sides being equal.  We tend to default to horizontal (landscape) because that is how we view the world: our eyes are horizontal, not vertical.  Computer monitors and films are set in horizontal mode.  Vertical requires us as well to turn the camera and is better for capturing tall objects without extraneous space on the sides, and more detail of the tall object.

Those basics aside, and without running down the millions of hits you get if you run horizontal versus vertical photographs through a search engine, perhaps we can just do our own captures and see what we think about them.

Here are two from Vilnius, Lithuania, where I wanted to capture the locks that people place on bridges as signs of their love for each other.  I shot it twice on this bridge, one horizontal, the other vertical, with different locks in the image.

A few points.  I could have stood back more and included more of the bridge on the horizontal image, but that would have rendered the actual locks smaller.  Or if I had been closer to the bridge to get that detail, I would have lost some of the background.  I felt the setting was as important as simply focusing on the locks.  More to the point, the horizontal image allowed more locks to show, adding not only variety but showing how many were on the bridge, even in this limited space.

On the other hand, the vertical has fewer locks but, in this case, I was able to feature three locks up close.  If I had done that as a horizontal, I’d have lost the background.  Here, I was able to keep the background.  As it happens, I have no strong feeling one way or the other as to which is the better or stronger image.  If I had to choose, I would pick the vertical, perhaps because it balances a high level of detail of the locks, which was important, with sufficient background to establish setting.

Why is the background important? We like to think of the subject in terms of the simpler, the better, but here the locks stand in place of the people who put them there, and through the locks we see what the couples saw as they placed the locks.  To that extent, the background and setting are equally part of the story.

Too many times we see something interesting and just take one shot.  We are told to move around and look for other angles.  We need to remember that it is worth taking it from the vertical as well as the horizontal perspective and having the option later.  Sometimes we can accomplish that by cropping but that can lose too much of the image.  Get the full image at the time, both ways.

A wide angle lens has a short focal length that provides a wide view.  On a digital camera, it can range generally from 10 mm to 35 mm.  The standard or normal view lens of 50mm translates to the 35 mm on the digital camera.  A prime lens is a fixed focal length, such as 35 mm, and a zoom allows for variable lengths.  Photographers hold strong opinions on these things; some despite zoom lenses and others swear by them.  Some will urge the use of the wide angle lens and others will warn you of all the mistakes if you don’t properly use them.  As with my other blogs, I walk the trails alone.  I will run a search on my inquiry, such as pros and cons of the wide angle lens or the fixed/prime debate, and then trust my eye.  Ultimately, you can judge whether your final image meets your standards and those whom you feel you need to satisfy.

I like using the wide angle lens, and spent time working with the Nikkor 1-20mm f/4.5-5.6 G lens.  I was told originally that unless I was using it for landscape, I would not find it useful.  However, while it certainly has its uses in landscape, it is a vital component of the urban photographer’s kit.
In Philadelphia’s Locust Street, I found a pair of photogenic doors.  I did not want to angle them but even with at 20 mm I could not get them both in at frontal view without having a lamppost between them.  Here is that image from across the street, not cropped, but processed in Lightroom with basic adjustments and with perspective straightening.  If I wanted to use this image, I felt I would want the full lamppost to at least make that part of it rather than just a cut-off gray pole:

Crossing the street and standing with the lamppost to my back, even if I’d used my preferred lens of choice, the Sigma 18-250 mm, I could not get both doors in the photo.  Using the Nikkor 10-20 at 20 mm, I get this (again, with basic adjustments and straightening):

At 10 mm, I can get what I wanted originally—the two doors.

The lesson is that with proper control and a mind to the software processing tools, the wide angle, particularly at 10 mm, is a valuable lens for capturing details in the confines of a city and on narrow streets.  I cropped to minimize what remained of slight bulging of the frame, although it is not always the camera but instead the settling of the house that can affect the shape and lines.  Also, to the extent some may still find slight distortion, I’d also note that distortion is not always bad, nor are those converging verticals that can lend dramatic effect.  My focus and intent was to depict the contrast and complementary nature of these old doorways.  There are a lot of articles on the dos and don’ts of wide angle use.  Read them, think about them, but most importantly, consider what it is you want to accomplish.  Always at the end of the day, it is your eye that matters.

 I read somewhere many years ago that it is a good idea to shoot an object from three perspectives. It is worth emphasizing and exploring because the most basic of ideas sometimes get overlooked.

The concept is that one shot situates the subject in its environment, the second is the entirety of the subject in isolation, and the third is a detail of the subject. For example, I have a courthouse series in which I photograph courthouses around the world. One photo is usually of the courthouse that shows its location, either in the center of a city block or on a square, with the courthouse itself not filling the entire frame. The focus is on the entire building in the second. The third shot may be of just the doors or one of the symbols of justice that may be on the dome.

The method is not limited to architecture.  A landscape may show a broad area, particularly with a wide angle lens, then a more defined portion that is still broad enough to show the vista, and finally, a tree or rock may be isolated.  Street photography works the same; a broad shot of the entire street in context, a more focused image of several storefronts, and finally, a particular window, door or sign. By having the three images, we capture the overall impression, a study of the subject, and a detail that sheds light on the personality.

As an example:

These are images of the cranes at the container port in the Arthur Kill on the Staten Island side across from Elizabeth, New Jersey. The first photo shows the four cranes in context and tells us quite a bit about the industrialization of the area. It is a location shot and also shows the airplane in the far right corner to add to the image of transportation. The middle photo focuses on the subject matter, isolating the four cranes. If the first is more of a stock photography image, the second is more of a documentary shot. The final photo focuses on the details of the cranes, creating more of an abstraction.  I left it as a color image to contrast the red and blue interplay.

It’s just something to think about as you approach a subject and makes for a good exercise in training yourself to see the many different opportunities.

Sunsets and sunrises provide endless variety. The same physical location will always yield a different cloud formation, and the shades of the colors seem to change by the second.  Exposure remains difficult where there are dark aspects, whether by clouds or foreground. We also don’t want to spend time making adjustments and risk losing the best of several sequential shots.  Fortunately, we have the ability in post-processing to address this issue. The tension is between retaining the reality of the vision while bringing out the inherent color that we don’t see in the original exposure.
 
Take this example. This is the as shot image of sunset off Montego Bay, Jamaica.

There is little contrast here and the image is flat.  We can see hints of red in the lower clouds and some yellow and red on the horizon.  Compositionally, while the sand and small structure are darker, I liked the lone figure at the far right to add a sense of proportion and more meditative aspect to the image.
 
I used Lightroom to make basic adjustments to set white and black points to increase the contrast, clarity and vibrancy. More importantly, I worked the luminosity and saturation filters of the color controls. While increasing luminosity brightens an image’s color, decreasing it thickens the color, and when combined with saturation, makes more visible what is already there. You can then readjust vibrancy if it starts to look artificial. In these situations, subtlety is important, but you also want the image to pop. You also generally don’t want to make it artificial. You can work with shadow filters to bring back some of the detail in otherwise dark areas. Here is what I ended up with:

This brought out the yellows in the clouds above and to the right.  Maybe I could reduce the saturation and increase the luminosity of the orange more, and render it more subtle, but this brought out the reflection in the water.  I made very slight adjustments using split toning.  It is always good to compare the original to what you are doing as a reality check.  I used the sharpening and luminosity sliders and masking in Lightroom, and finished off with the high pass sharpening for more subtle adjustments.
 
I am a firm believer that less is more, and care always needs to be taken to not overdo it, lest you turn your “wow” picture into a cartoon.  Unless, of course, that is the effect you want.

Based on feedback, for 2018 I will concentrate this blog on more practical aspects of photography. For this first blog of the new year, I address one of the old chestnuts of photography:  Don’t take the first shot that presents itself.

We hear this all the time in photography clubs and in instructional books.  Move around.  Get various viewpoints.  Wait until the decisive moment appears.

It is true that we may take 1000 pictures and end up with only three or four that are truly memorable and evocative—the wow shots. It is also true that where the opportunity presents itself, it does pay to move around the subject; perhaps wait to see if certain people move away or the sun breaks through.  Any number of factors impact on the ultimate image.  However, the advantage of digital photography is such that there is no impediment to taking that first shot.

We often round a corner, take a curve in the road, or arrive at a lookout point, and we are struck immediately with a view.  I like to take that picture because it captures immediately what I saw and what was—in that moment—the wow image.  I then move around, look for a better angle, perhaps one that avoids an obstructive element I now notice.  Maybe I won’t use that first image.

But I have also experienced situations where, having hesitated to wait or look for the better shot, I have lost it entirely.  The person whose face was filled with character has now seen me, and the expression is gone.  The clear view is now gone because a truck has parked in front of the interesting building.  The sun vanishes behind a cloud.  And so forth.

Take the first shot.  It may be the only one you get.  While I generally agree with the conventional wisdom that you should get the image as well as you can in the camera, the reality is that there is much that can be done in the processing of an image—particularly and most simply in cropping and straightening.

Here’s an example.  The first shot is made just after I emerged from the arch leading to Praça do Comércio (Commerce Square) in Lisbon, Portugal.

 
It is unprocessed here.  I may not have snapped the instant I went through the arch, but instead gathered my bearings, absorbed, and then shot.  It is facing the ocean, but we do not really see the ocean.  It has people in a random position that do not add anything to the image.  It is asymmetrical, with part of a building on the right but not showing the comparable building on the left.  It does show (and reminds me) of the impression of the vast, bright, clean nature of the square.  It is like a diary entry.  I could do things with this (e.g., straighten it, and crop it so the “v” is more symmetrical).  It is not necessarily a bad image, but it may not be the best.  Nonetheless, I have it.  And maybe on reflection I like the people in the foreground I’ve captured, who would not have been there had I hesitated.

It is a large square, and I spent time shooting it towards the ocean and back towards the city, focusing on this side and that side, on details and the broader picture.  I went up to the observation area on top of the arch, and of all the pictures, found this one preferable to present what initially impressed me about the square.

I think this is a better image.  But I’m still glad to have that first shot so it did not join the list we all have of the ones that got away because we hesitated.

​In 1927, Alberto Giacometti sculpted The Couple, a bronze case symbolizing, if more abstractly representing, a man and a woman, borrowing from more primitive or tribal work.  The Museum of Modern Art in New York notes of this piece that “[t]he pairing of male and female figures announces what would become one of Giacometti's great, lifelong subjects: the encounter between men and women, life and art.” I have converted it to a black and white image to emphasize its detail, not its color, and allow comparison with the second image.

They struck me as clearly a couple but who are remarkably disconnected as they each focus on their phones.  Nonetheless, they are in proximity but also disconnected from each other.

The more one is exposed to art, the more the patterns of existence reveal themselves.  Various photographers today concern themselves with stretching the medium.  I continue to believe there is a place for “traditional” photography, exploring like Giacometti a particular subject, in its myriad and endless permutations.

With the advent of the negative image and the introduction of photography in 1839, early photographers sought to establish photography as a legitimate art.  Part of that movement entailed Pictorialism, where photographers staged scenes that evoked classical painting and photographed them.  Eventually, the groups known as photo-secessionists moved towards more realism in photographic subject matter, taking advantage of the unique aspects of the photograph and the camera rather than trying to force the square peg of the photographic image into the round hole of painting.  In other words, photography was its own medium and did not need to imitate other forms of art. There is value to the photographer in viewing paintings of all movements as well as sculpture and other art forms.  Subject matter, composition, and how an artist uses a particular medium are informative. 

Which brings me to Egyptian art.  On a certain level, one can discern elements of street art in Egyptian wall painting and objects from tombs.  This image which I photographed at the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore was part of the Egyptian collection depicting "Daily Life In Ancient Egypt.”  This image shows two men playing the board game senet.  This scene included other games players and musicians and was presumed to be a bas relief on the lintel of a doorway in the tomb of Ankh-ef-en-sekhmet.

Look at this carefully.  The man on the left has his left hand grasping the table leg as he reaches to make a move just as, apparently, the man to our right is in the process of perhaps finishing his move with his right hand.  This man’s left hand is resting on his leg.  Without too much of a stretch, we see one man, perhaps tense and maybe losing, and the other man, relaxed and perhaps winning.  Artists generally make choices.  Both are right-handed, apparently, but Egyptian art was about showing the entirety of the human form—why not have one left-handed and one right-handed, with the free hands in more symmetrical position? Both seem to have a trace of a smile on their faces as well.  Perhaps the best answer is the artist sought a more natural depiction of daily life as it was actually lived.  In this small detail, we come far closer to these two people in the time frame of 550-525 BC, within the Egyptian Late Period of 500 to 450 BC. 

Compare the Egyptian players with these two chess players in Atlanta, Georgia.  Neither is touching a piece, but both are focused on the board.  Their hands rest on their legs.  It is a scene composed similarly to the Egyptian one, essentially two game players and a board, not looking at each other but at their board and contemplating their moves.

What I find remarkable is that these two sets of players are separated by some 2500 years, and we can find common ground in human behavior.  The street photographer in particular, searching for evidence of daily life in the contemporary city, finds an example of composition and human interaction in Egyptian art.  The more we are aware of human behavior across the centuries as depicted in art, the more likely we are to recognize it in contemporary life.

I have been reading about distinctions between street photography and documentary photography.  Certainly, there is overlap.  Without attempting to repeat or develop the theoretical differences, we can synthesize the essential difference as this:  documentary photography is meant to be objective in order to show its subject as a more permanent feature, whereas street photography is more subjective, capturing a moment that comes and goes and often has elements of whimsy to it.  Both capture a sense of place.  The key in photographing a city is to see beyond the iconic subjects, and look for the shot that captures character.

The image shown above was made in Belfast around Shaftesbury Square as I was heading towards the University Quarter.  I like barber shops, as a contrast to the hair salons that lack the texture and look of the barber shops.  I saw the head of a man, apparently waiting for his turn—but with a mainly bald head and a short fringe around it.  With tight cropping to retain the elements of the barber shop to fix its identity, and close enough to show the head but leaving in the small reflection to draw the eye. The point of the photo is to capture a whimsical moment—a man in a barber shop—and I converted it to a black and white image for effect.  Black and white enabled me to focus on the man and his head contrasting with the barbershop.  Color would have been too distracting.

These details and moments of life are what capture the essence of the city.  It is easy to get overwhelmed when you have limited time to photograph a new place.  I’d been to Belfast before and was on my way to cover an area I’d given short shrift to previously.  You need to be aware, though, of what is around and fortuitous, and not be a prisoner of the map and the “must see” designations.

I spent a college semester in London in 1976.  On returning to the United States, much of what had seemed familiar and had gone unnoticed now stood out.  When we travel, we are aware of many differences in commonplace items, some more subtle than others, such that on our return, we observe our surroundings more astutely.  We also see sights that we ignore, proving the adage that familiarity breeds contempt.  It should not.  What is travel photography but capturing what is distinctive and appealing in a particular location?

It is a useful exercise and a good mindset to develop because it sharpens awareness and helps us visualize images that might otherwise have gone unnoticed.  I happen to live in the Princeton area, and can recall one of my earliest visits as a child.  My grandparents liked to walk the town, which my grandfather at the time called “quaint.”  He had lived in Brooklyn his entire life and worked in Manhattan, so despite geographic proximity, he nonetheless noticed significant differences.

One of the more colorful features of life in foreign cities is the café.  In Europe, we visit the grand coffeehouses of Vienna, the artist-frequented cafés of Paris, and the more exotic coffeehouses of Amsterdam.  In other cities on other continents are variations on the theme, but one universality is the café or local tavern or pub as a place of congregation and talk, of food, drink and relaxation—an integral part of urban life. 

Below is an image made in Princeton, New Jersey.  From across the street, the two individuals stood out against the shaded interior, and the facade of the building had interesting texture.  This is one of several coffeehouses in Princeton.  This is a scene I would have found instantly appealing in Paris or Buenos Aires or Tokyo.  The fact that it was familiar makes it no less foreign, or vice versa.  It is a moment, a slice of life featuring a unique place in a unique town.  If you make yourself a tourist, and think about the things you look for in foreign (to you) places, you will find a far richer texture of life on your home turf.

I take a practical approach to photography.  To paraphrase the old saying, we don’t want to lose good photos in pursuit of perfect ones, and we shouldn’t lose opportunities because we are concerned that we may not achieve a technically perfect image.  Subject matter counts, and the overall result—if pleasing and resonant—is the test.  It remains subjective.  Too many photography club pundits and contest judges over-fixate on the technical.  Pay attention to them, but do not discard your own instincts.

For example, you may often find yourself on a bus, whether part of a tour or just getting to a place, or even as just a passenger in a car.  Everything in a country foreign to you is new, and therefore potentially interesting subject matter.  I was recently in Hungary and wanted to capture something of the countryside as a small group of us, on business, were traveling some distance from Budapest. Photography pundits will also you to not photograph the first thing you see, but sometimes you don’t always have the luxury of scouting.

Here is an image from Hungary’s wine country and shows one of the vineyards.   While much of what we traversed was flat, there were hills breaking up the terrain from time to time.  I shot generally in shutter priority with as fast a speed as I could—even if it meant not perfect exposure, since I knew I could compensate for that later in Lightroom.  I kept the lens close to, but not touching the window, and the window would serve as a filter.  I knew I could sharpen the image and make colors pop through appropriate adjustments.  Again, I was after the subject, something that captured in an iconic way what I was seeing, and which I could not otherwise get.  Not every image will be blur-free, but you can evaluate what could be successful upon proper sharpening.

Watch out for reflections in the window, but you can probably get rid of them later.  Shoot towards the distance to eliminate the blur of objects closer to you.  Try to shoot straight out or even slightly backwards, to eliminate the motion.   And don’t worry too much if, when on the screen and in extreme close up, it is not perfect.  I shoot several, and usually at least one is sharp.  If not exactly sharp due to motion blur, it may be so slight that while it is visible on the screen at double the size, at normal size, whether on the screen or in print, it may well be fine.  Trust your eye.

It's better to have it as a good and interesting and pleasing image, than not to have it at all because I was not sure I could render it “perfect”—whatever that means.